Work

A Water-Based and Continuous-Flow-Usable Cascade: Sustainable Synthesis of Tetrazolo-Fused Heterocycles

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The innovation of energetic materials is frequently hampered by economic inefficiency and safety concerns. Emerging cascade reactions could overcome existing bottlenecks and accelerate next-generation energetic materials with enhanced scalability and reduced risks. In this work, a water-based cascade reaction has been applied to obtain 6-amino-7,8-dihydrotetrazolo[5,1- f ][1,2,4]triazin-8-ol ( AHTO ), a new nitrogen-rich energetic compound. Using water as a green, multifunctional medium, this strategy achieves three critical advances: (1) elimination of intermediate isolation through cascade reaction integration, (2) minimization of toxic solvents and hazardous reagents, and (3) stabilization of sensitive tetrazolo intermediates. The inherent safety benefits of water-mediated chemistry are further amplified through microchannel continuous-flow technology, leading to an all-round improvement. Finally, AHTO was obtained in a 90.8% crystallization yield and a 98.1% HPLC purity in a 3 h flow reaction. After nitroamino derivatization, 6-nitroamino-7,8-dihydrotetrazolo[5,1- f ][1,2,4]triazin-8-ol ( NHTO ) was prepared as a new potential metal-free primary explosive.The integration of cascade with flow chemistry will accelerate the development efficiency of energetic materials while balancing economic, safety, and environmental considerations.

Source: JACS Au

DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.5c01089

Authors: Yaxi Wang, Suxian Fu, Deshu Kong, Lu Hu, Siping Pang, Jean’ne M. Shreeve

Institutions: Beijing Institute of Technology, University of Idaho

Language: English

Topic: Energetic Materials and Combustion

Subfield: Mechanics of Materials

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Responsible consumption and production, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,500