Volatile Compounds as Upcoming Antigiardial Agents: In Vitro Action of Carvacrol, Thymol and p-Cymene on Giardia lamblia Trophozoites
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Background/Objectives: Carvacrol and thymol are monoterpenes present in phenolic-rich essential oils extracted from aromatic plants that exhibit antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates the antiprotozoal effect of carvacrol, thymol and their precursor, p-Cymene, against Giardia lamblia and investigates their mechanism of action and cytotoxicity profile. Methods: G. lamblia susceptibility, cell viability, swelling and adhesion abilities following application of carvacrol, thymol and p-Cymene were assessed. Ultrastructural changes were evaluated using electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was determined in mammalian cell lines (murine macrophages RAW 264.7 and bovine aortic endothelial cells) exposed to the same IC50 concentrations effective against G. lamblia. Results: Carvacrol and thymol led to significant inhibition of G. lamblia trophozoite proliferation (IC50 ≅ 50 µg/mL). After 7 h of incubation, total cell number decreased by 30% (p < 0.01) with carvacrol and by 50% (p < 0.001) with thymol, accompanied by reduced motility and adhesion (<20% attached cells). At IC50 concentrations, G. lamblia trophozoites exposed to carvacrol and thymol underwent considerable ultrastructural alterations (e.g., aberrant-shaped cells, mitochondrial swelling and autophagosomal structures). Reduced trophozoite motility and adhesion capacity were also observed. In mammalian cells, thymol showed no significant cytotoxicity, whereas carvacrol significantly reduced viability in both cell lines. In contrast, p-Cymene showed no antigiardial activity. Conclusions: Our data suggests that carvacrol and thymol disrupt G. lamblia trophozoite integrity, possibly through alterations in membrane permeability and osmoregulatory processes. In conclusion, these compounds reveal in vitro antigiardial activity, supporting their potential as antigiardial drugs.
Source: Pharmaceutics
Institutions: Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Instituto Politécnico de Saúde do Norte - CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Unidade de Investigação em Toxicologia & Uma Só Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Albel Salazar, University of Coimbra
Language: English
Subfield: Food Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,499
OpenAlex ID: W4415560547