Development of 3D-Stacked 1Megapixel Dual-Time-Gated SPAD Image Sensor with Simultaneous Dual Image Output Architecture for Efficient Sensor Fusion
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Sensor fusion is crucial in numerous imaging and sensing applications. Integrating data from multiple sensors with different field-of-view, resolution, and frame timing poses substantial computational overhead. Time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors have been developed to support multiple sensing modalities and mitigate this issue, but mismatched frame timing remains a challenge. Dual-time-gated SPAD image sensors, which can capture dual images simultaneously, have also been developed. However, the reported sensors suffered from medium-to-large pixel pitch, limited resolution, and inability to independently control the exposure time of the dual images, which restricts their applicability. In this paper, we introduce a 5 µm-pitch, 3D-backside-illuminated (BSI) 1Megapixel dual-time-gated SPAD image sensor enabling a simultaneous output of dual images. The developed SPAD image sensor is verified to operate as an RGB-Depth (RGB-D) sensor without complex image alignment. In addition, a novel high dynamic range (HDR) technique, utilizing pileup effect with two parallel in-pixel memories, is validated for dynamic range extension in 2D imaging, achieving a dynamic range of 119.5 dB. The proposed architecture provides dual image output with the same field-of-view, resolution, and frame timing, and is promising for efficient sensor fusion.
Source: Sensors
DOI: 10.3390/s25216563
Authors: Kazuma Chida, Kazuhiro Morimoto, Naoki Isoda, Hiroshi Sekine, Tomoya Sasago, Yu Maehashi, Satoru Mikajiri, Kenzo Tojima, Mahito Shinohara, Ayman T. Abdelghafar, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Kazuma Inoue, Satoshi Omodani, Alice Ehara, Junji Iwata, Tetsuya Itano, Yasushi Matsuno, Katsuhito Sakurai, Takeshi Ichikawa
Institution: Canon (Japan)
Language: English
Subfield: Instrumentation
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W4415650291