Energy–economic–environmental (3E) optimization of a hybrid system for a residential building in a developing country: a case of Nigeria
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Increased energy demand, coupled with heavy dependence on fossil fuels, poses critical challenges for climate stability and sustainable development worldwide. Consequently, the use of renewable energy has become a key strategy in energy transition policy to mitigate climate change, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and enhance reliable access to electricity globally. This study compares grid-tied and standalone hybrid renewable energy systems composed of a diesel generator, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, batteries, and grid interconnection for a Nigerian residential building. The findings showed that the optimal solution integrates 4 kW PV with battery storage and grid connection. This option produced the lowest net present cost (NPC) of $8712 and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.068/kWh, outperforming the grid-tied PV/diesel system (LCOE: $0.185/kWh; NPC: $15,088.56) and the standalone PV/diesel/battery system (LCOE: $0.412/kWh; NPC: $24,197.46). Moreover, the yearly mean proportion of renewable energy penetration is 68% for the photovoltaic/battery/grid setup, 41.4% for the photovoltaic/diesel/battery/grid, and 74.4% for the photovoltaic/diesel/battery configurations. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the system’s techno-economic performance is strongly affected by environmental factors such as weather conditions; market variables, including fuel price, electricity sell-back tariff, inflation, and discount rates; and technological parameters such as PV and battery costs and lifespans and inverter efficiency.
Source: Sustainable Energy Research
Language: English
Subfield: Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Field: Energy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,590
OpenAlex ID: W4415739228