Work

KARMA: Kernel-Aided Rational Macromodeling of Noisy Electrical Frequency Response Data

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Gaussian Processes (GPs) have attracted significant interest for macromodeling frequency-domain responses of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. Yet, a unified and practical approach to extend their use to the time domain has remained elusive. This paper introduces KARMA (Kernel-Aided Rational Macromodeling), a novel framework that constructs compact, multi-port rational representations suitable for circuit simulation directly from frequency response data. By leveraging the unique properties of complex-valued rational kernels, KARMA fuses the advantages of kernel-based nonparametric methods with the physical properties of traditional rational parametric macromodeling techniques. The framework comprises critical components such as joint hyperparameter optimization, passivity enforcement, and model order reduction (MOR). Moreover, the probabilistic nature of GPs enables KARMA to generate uncertainty-aware macromodels, making the framework particularly effective in noisy or data-scarce settings.

Source: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

DOI: 10.1109/tmtt.2025.3621537

Authors: Thijs Ullrick, Dirk Deschrijver, Wim Bogaerts, Tom Dhaene

Institutions: Ghent University, IMEC

Language: English

Topic: Control Systems and Identification

Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,645

Funders: Grant Foundation, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Vlaamse regering