Rethinking Synthetic Berberine in Nutraceuticals: Nitrosamine Risks, Regulatory Oversight, and Safer Alternatives
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Berberine hydrochloride, a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid with metabolic, lipid-lowering, and antimicrobial properties, is increasingly synthesized for nutraceutical applications due to its high yield and, therefore, cost-effectiveness. However, synthetic production can raise significant safety concerns, particularly regarding potentially toxic residuals generated during chemical process. A primary concern is the formation of nitrosamines, a class of genotoxic impurities associated with the use of secondary amines, nitrites, and strong acids in synthetic processes. This article examines the reported synthetic routes for berberine hydrochloride, with emphasis on the use of toxic reagents and intermediates that, if not completely consumed or effectively removed during synthesis process, may persist as impurities in the final product. In contrast, berberine obtained with aqueous botanical extraction avoids such hazardous synthetic precursors and retains co-occurring alkaloids, offering a cleaner safety profile and potential synergistic benefits.
Source: Molecules
Authors: Anil Kumar Meher, Akli Zarouri, Manish Kumar
Language: English
Subfield: Pharmacology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,258
OpenAlex ID: W4415817265