Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This study analyzes the legal frameworks and practical implementation of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) across selected countries, including China, Pakistan, Indonesia, Japan, the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US).Employing a qualitative legal comparative analysis, data were collected from statutory provisions, government policies, judicial regulations, and relevant academic literature.The findings reveal that countries such as China, the EU, and the US have achieved a high level of maturity in ODR implementation through comprehensive government policies, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and well-established digital judicial systems.Conversely, countries such as Pakistan and Indonesia continue to face challenges stemming from legal ambiguity, limited technical capacity, and low consumer trust.The study further finds that the effectiveness of ODR implementation depends not only on technological infrastructure but also on coherent legal frameworks, clear enforcement mechanisms, and strong institutional support.Overall, the integration of ODR into national and international legal systems represents a paradigm shift toward a more inclusive, efficient, and future-oriented model of justice in the digital era.
Authors: Muhammad Anas Azmi, Norhoneydayatie Abdul Manap, Shofian Ahmad, Zamzuri Zakaria, Doris Padmini S. Selvaratnam, Nor ‘Adha Ab Hamid, Norziah Othman
Institutions: National University of Malaysia, Selangor Islamic University
Language: English
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4415961887
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