Hidden Contamination Patterns: A Stochastic Approach to Assessing Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine Transformation Products in Kazakhstan’s Rocket Crash Area
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a highly toxic rocket propellant, remains a significant environmental concern in Kazakhstan due to repeated rocket stage falls near the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This study integrates chemical analysis with stochastic contamination transport modeling to evaluate the persistence and migration of UDMH transformation products (TPs) in soils collected 15 years after the rocket crash. Vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Vac-HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to determine five major TPs. Among these, pyrazine (PAN) and 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole (MPA) were consistently detected at concentrations ranging from 0.04–2.35 ng g−1 and 0.06–3.48 ng g−1, respectively. Stochastic simulations performed with HYDRUS-1D indicated that the long-term persistence of these compounds is mainly controlled by physical nonequilibrium transport processes, including diffusion-limited exchange, weak sorption, and slow inter-domain mass transfer, rather than by degradation. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that low dispersivity and diffusion coefficients enhance solute retention within immobile domains, maintaining residual levels over extended periods. The results demonstrate the efficacy of combined long-term monitoring and predictive modeling frameworks for assessing contamination dynamics in rocket impact zones.
Source: Toxics
Institutions: Toraighyrov University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Language: English
Subfield: Water Science and Technology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W4415992925