Work

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Skier Versus Snowboarder Injury Patterns: A GIS-Based Comparative Study at a Large West Coast Resort

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: GPS tracking has made ski injury data abundant, yet few studies have mapped where incidents actually occur or how those patterns differ between skiers and snowboarders. To address this gap, we analyzed 8719 GPS-located incidents (4196 skier; 4523 snowboarder) spanning four seasons (2017–2022, excluding 2019–2020 due to COVID-19) at a large West Coast resort in California. Incidents were aggregated into 45 m hexagons and analyzed using Getis–Ord Gi* hot spot analysis, Local Outlier Analysis (LOA), and a space–time cube with time-series clustering. Hot spot analysis identified both activity-specific and overlapping high-injury concentrations at the 99% confidence level (p < 0.01). The LOA revealed no spatial overlap between skier and snowboarder High-High classifications (areas with high incident counts surrounded by other high-count areas) at the 95% confidence level. Temporal analysis exposed distinct patterns by activity: Time Series Clustering revealed skier incidents concentrated at holiday-sensitive locations versus stable zones, while snowboarder incidents separated into sustained high-activity versus baseline areas. These findings indicate universal safety strategies may be insufficient; targeted, activity-specific interventions may warrant investigation. The methodology provides a reproducible framework for spatial injury surveillance applicable across the ski industry.

Source: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information

DOI: 10.3390/ijgi14110442

Authors: Matt Bisenius, Ming-Chih Hung

Institution: Northwest Missouri State University

Language: English

Topic: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance

Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,292