Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Disposable diapers contribute significantly to municipal solid waste, with non-biodegradable polymers such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) persisting in landfills for centuries. Biodegradable alternatives, including polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), bamboo, and organic cotton, offer reduced environmental persistence, although challenges remain regarding cost, mechanical performance, and scalability. This review synthesizes current literature on these materials, highlighting their properties, biodegradation mechanisms, environmental performance, and commercial feasibility. In addition, we examine emerging biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), such as polysaccharide-based hydrogels, chitosan, and nanocellulose, essential for fully compostable diapers. Our review uniquely integrates material performance, tropical high-humidity degradation, cost considerations, and consumer acceptance, providing insights into both technological advances and barriers to adoption. Key challenges include high production costs, supply chain limitations, and maintaining performance parity with conventional diapers. Finally, we discuss sustainable waste management strategies, including industrial composting, and identify future research directions focused on optimizing biopolymer properties, safety, and life-cycle impacts. This synthesis informs researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers seeking to advance environmentally responsible diaper products.
Source: Sustainability
DOI: 10.3390/su172210072
Authors: Vintia Mulungo, Thandi Patricia Gumede
Institution: Central University of Technology
Language: English
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
Funder: National Research Foundation
OpenAlex ID: W4416133783