Time-dependent biphasic alterations in brain metabolism following chronic ketamine exposure in mice
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Background: Ketamine has attracted clinical interest for its therapeutic potential, but prolonged exposure raises concerns about dependence and its long-term effects on brain metabolism. Materials and Methods: F]FDG positron emission tomography at 1 h, 1 week, and 1 month post-injection. Expression levels of glucose transporters (GLUT1), glycolytic enzymes (PKM2, HK1), NMDA receptor subunits (NR2B), and apoptotic markers (caspase-3) were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results: FDG-PET imaging suggested a biphasic metabolic pattern, with an increase in uptake at 1 h and 1 week, followed by a significant reduction by 1 month, returning toward baseline levels. GLUT1 mRNA expression gradually increased, although protein levels did not show a clear parallel change. PKM2 and HK1 remained largely unchanged. At 1 month, NR2B and caspase-3 transcripts were elevated, while protein-level changes were less evident, suggesting possible transcriptional regulation of stress-related pathways. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that ketamine induces dynamic alterations in brain glucose metabolism accompanied by molecular adaptations. The early hypermetabolic response may reflect acute excitatory effects, whereas longer exposure could engage compensatory or stress-associated mechanisms. Metabolic imaging may provide a useful, non-invasive approach to better understand ketamine's temporal effects and support long-term safety monitoring.
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology
Authors: Seo-Hyun Lim, Young-Suk Choi, Eosu Kim, Chul Hoon Kim, Ho-Taek Song
Institutions: Yonsei University, Yonsei University Health System
Language: English
Subfield: Developmental Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
Award: G7937448900
OpenAlex ID: W4416230239