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National Security, Artificial Intelligence, and Sovereignty beyond Earth: Reconstructing the Legal Architecture of Space Intelligence Networks

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is now a determining factor in the development of outer-space operations. The national security, intelligence and early warning systems are currently under the influence of autonomous satellites, constellations of sensors, and deep-learning algorithms. However, the existing legal framework, which is based on the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, is insufficient to support the transparency and autonomy of AI. The article analyzes the challenges of sovereignty and accountability faced by states due to algorithmic decision-making. It reclaims the legal framework of space intelligence networks by proposing a stratified structure of sovereignty, along with physical, algorithmic, and institutional novelty, such as a Space Intelligence Authority. Based on comparative space law, AI governance theory, and normative fairness analysis, this paper proposes a design of a regulatory framework for space-based intelligence that not only pertains to the control of the territory but also addresses the algorithmic and AI-based decision-making in space.

Source: Global Foreign Policies Review

DOI: 10.31703/gfpr.2025(viii-iii).04

Authors: Bakht Munir, Ali Nawaz Khan, Muhammad Arslan

Institutions: University of Kansas, University of the Punjab, Pennsylvania State University

Language: English

Topic: Space exploration and regulation

Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics

Field: Physics and Astronomy

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Peace, justice, and strong institutions

Open Access status: hybrid

OpenAlex ID: W4416343236

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