Work

Comparative analysis of cold microfiltration performance of cow and camel milk: Flux behavior, fouling mechanisms, and protein separation

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This study presents a comparative investigation of the cold microfiltration (MF) behavior of cow and camel skim milk at 10 °C using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The flux dynamics, fouling mechanisms, and protein separation efficiencies were evaluated to highlight compositional and structural differences between the two milk types. Camel milk consistently maintained higher flux and demonstrated a lower rate of flux decline compared to cow milk. Hermia model fitting indicated that intermediate blocking was the dominant fouling mechanism for both systems, with a higher fouling rate constant observed for cow's milk. Analysis of fouling resistance, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements confirmed a higher level of fouling in cow milk. Mineral profiling revealed that calcium was more closely associated with cow milk foulants, whereas sodium was more prevalent in camel milk. Protein quantification and SDS-PAGE confirmed the membrane's efficient retention of proteins, with minimal permeation of caseins from camel milk. The findings emphasize the importance of milk-specific properties in designing membrane-based separation processes and suggest that cold MF enables efficient casein–whey separation, with camel milk exhibiting lower fouling tendency and improved protein retention. • Flux and fouling comparison are provided for microfiltration of skim camel and cow milk • Camel milk consistently maintained higher flux and demonstrated a lower rate of flux decline • Casein retention and whey permeation behaviors were different for both milks • Hermia model fitting indicated intermediate blocking as the dominant fouling mechanism • Proteins were the dominant foulants, indicated by fouled membrane characterization

Source: LWT

DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118783

Authors: Mairaj Khalid, Gafar Babatunde Bamigbade, Mutamed Ayyash, Karin Schroën, Nayef Ghasem, Akmal Nazir

Institutions: United Arab Emirates University, KU Leuven, Wageningen University & Research, University of Twente

Language: English

Topic: Membrane Separation Technologies

Subfield: Water Science and Technology

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,240

Funder: United Arab Emirates University