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Effect of Eight Weeks of in Season Training with Wearable Resistance Attached to the Forearm on Spike Velocity in Female Volleyball Players

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of in-season training with wearable resistance attached to the forearm on spike velocity in female volleyball players. Methods: A total of 13 senior female volleyball players belonging to the same team (age 23.5 ± 3.2 years, body mass 66.8 ± 6.9 kg, and height 174.7 ± 5.8 cm) participated and were divided into an experimental group (n = 7) or a control group (n = 6). Both groups participated in the same training sessions, but the experimental group trained with wearable resistance attached to the forearm, while the control group wore wearable resistance on the calf during the training sessions. Before and after an eight-week training period, spike velocity was tested. Results: The main findings were that spike velocity did not increase in either group, which was contrary to our hypothesis. In fact, neither the forearm-loaded experimental group nor the calf-loaded control group showed any performance improvement; instead, both groups demonstrated small, non-significant declines in spike velocity over the 8-week period (on average, about 2.1% in both groups). These outcomes occurred with high individual variability, with no significant difference between the groups (time × group: F(1, 11) = 0.008, p = 0.929). The between-group contrast was trivial, reinforcing that the forearm-loading intervention offered no clear benefit over normal training in practical terms. Conclusions: Taken at face value, this protocol does not support using wearable resistance during the competitive season to enhance spike velocity. It may be that off-season or individualized-load protocols could elicit more positive effects when overall training and fatigue levels are better controlled.

Source: Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

DOI: 10.3390/jfmk10040458

Authors: Milosz Mielniczek, Patrick Lunde, Wojciech Grzyb, Roland van den Tillaar

Institutions: Nord University, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport

Language: English

Topic: Sports Performance and Training

Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,930