Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Shock breakout and, in some cases, jet-driven high-energy emission are increasingly recognized as key signatures of the earliest phases of core-collapse supernovae, especially in Type IIn systems due to their dense, interaction-dominated circumstellar environments. We present a comprehensive photometric analysis of SN 2019vxm, a long-duration, luminous Type IIn supernova, M V = − 21.41 ± 0.05 mag , observed from X-ray to near-infrared. SN 2019vxm is the first superluminous supernovae Type IIn to be caught with well-sampled TESS photometric data on the rise and has a convincing coincident X-ray source at the time of first light. The high-cadence TESS light curve captures the early-time rise, which is well described by a broken power law with an index of n = 1.41 ± 0.04, significantly shallower than the canonical n = 2 behavior. From this, we constrain the time of first light to within 7.2 hr. We identify a spatial and temporal coincidence between SN 2019vxm and the hard X-ray/gamma-ray transient GRB 191117A, corresponding to a 3.3 σ association confidence. Both the short-duration X-ray event and the lightcurve modeling are consistent with shock breakout into a dense, asymmetric circumstellar medium, indicative of a massive, compact progenitor such as a luminous blue variable transitioning to Wolf–Rayet phase embedded in a clumpy, asymmetric environment.
Source: The Astrophysical Journal
Authors: Zachary G. Lane, Ryan Ridden-Harper, Sofia Rest, Armin Rest, Conor L. Ransome, Qinan Wang, Clarinda Montilla, Micaela Steed, Igor Andreoni, Patrick Armstrong, Peter J. Brown, Jeffrey Cooke, David A. Coulter, Ori Fox, James Freeburn, Marco Galoppo, Avishay Gal-Yam, Jared A. Goldberg, Christopher Harvey-Hawes, Daichi Hiramatsu, Rebekah Hounsell, D. Andrew Howell, Brayden Leicester, Klára Lelkes, Itai Linial, Jaime Luisi, Curtis McCully, László Molnár, Thomas Moore, Pierre Mourier, Anya E. Nugent, David O’Neill, Hugh Roxburgh, Koji Shukawa, Stephen J. Smartt, Nathan Smith, Ken W. Smith, Bhagya M. Subrayan, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, V. Ashley Villar, József Vinkó, Tal Wasserman, Yossef Zenati, Erez A. Zimmerman
Institutions: University of Canterbury, Johns Hopkins University, Space Telescope Science Institute, University of Arizona, Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Auckland, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Australian National University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Texas A&M University, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Swinburne University of Technology, The University of Sydney, Weizmann Institute of Science, Flatiron Institute, Michigan State University, University of Florida, Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, University of California, Santa Barbara, Eötvös Loránd University, Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Columbia University, University of Birmingham, Curtin University, International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Queen's University Belfast, University of Oxford, The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, University of Szeged, Open University of Israel
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $4,499
Funders: National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, Johns Hopkins University, Drexel University, Space Telescope Science Institute, Australian Government, Hintze Family Charitable Foundation, Flatiron Health, University of Warwick, University of Oxford, European Commission, Queen's University Belfast, Durham University, Royal Society Te Apārangi, Queen's University, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, National Central University, Stockholms Universitet, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Goddard Space Flight Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Science Mission Directorate, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Marsden Fund, National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Astrophysics Science Division, Planetary Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Awards: G1028008162, G1778250975, EARTH IS OCCASIONALLY STRUCK BY AN ASTEROID OR COMET LARGE ENOUGH TO CAUSE A SIGNIFICANT EXPLOSION AND LOSS OF LIFE. THE MOST LIKELY IMPACT IS BY A RELATIVELY SMALL OBJECT AND THE BEST MITIGATION STRATEGY MAY SIMPLY BE TO MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF THE WAY. WITH ENOUGH WARNING A SMALL ASTEROID IMPACT WOULD NOT CAUSE LOSS OF LIFE AND PORTABLE PROPERTY MIGHT EVEN BE PRESERVED. WE HAVE BUILT AN "EARLY WARNING" SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES A THREE WEEK NOTICE OF MOST 140M ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON TRACK TO HIT THE EARTH AND A WEEK'S NOTICE FOR MOST 50M ASTEROIDS. THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED BUILT AND BROUGHT INTO OPERATION IN LESS THAN THREE YEARS AND IS EASILY REPLICABLE. THE "ASTEROID TERRESTRIAL-IMPACT LAST ALERT SYSTEM" (ATLAS) CURRENTLY COMPRISES TWO OBSERVATORIES SEPARATED BY ABOUT 100KM THAT CAN SCAN THE ENTIRE VISIBLE SKY MORE THAN TWICE A NIGHT TO MAGNITUDE 20. SOFTWARE AUTOMATICALLY REGISTERS COMPARISONS WITH THE UNCHANGING SKY AND IDENTIFIES EVERYTHING THAT HAS MOVED OR CHANGED. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE OBSERVATORIES AND THE IAU MINOR PLANET CENTER LOCKS DOWN THE ORBIT OF ANYTHING APPROACHING THE EARTH. THIS PROPOSAL SEEKS FUNDING TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS OF THE TWO ATLAS UNITS ALREADY BUILT AND TO CONSTRUCT TWO MORE UNITS FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. ATLAS IS COMPLEMENTARY TO MANY EXISTING SURVEYS FOR NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS (NEOS) BY VIRTUE OF BEING ALL-SKY: IT CAN DETECT MOST 140M NEOS THAT PASS WITHIN 0.1AU OF THE EARTH. ATLAS MAY FIND MORE THAN 500 NEOS PER YEAR EVEN THOUGH ITS FORTE IS DISCOVERY OF THE SUBSET OF NEOS THAT PASS VERY CLOSE TO THE EARTH. ITS STEADY SKY COVERAGE IS ALSO VALUABLE FOR DISCOVERY OF LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS CANDIDATE TARGETS FOR A MANNED MISSION. FURTHERMORE ATLAS WILL CHARACTERIZE THE NEO POPULATION AND ALL THE OTHER OBJECTS IT DETECTS BY OBTAINING HUNDREDS OF LIGHT CURVE POINTS PER YEAR THAT WILL ENABLE THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR SHAPE AND SPIN AND ALSO BY OBTAINING SIMULTANEOUS COLOR MEASUREMENTS. OBJECTIVES: ATLAS WILL 1) PROVIDE WARNING THAT IS USEFUL ON A CIVIL DEFENSE TIMESCALE FOR THE MAJORITY OF EARTH-IMPACTING ASTEROIDS OF 50M SIZE OR LARGER 2) REDISCOVER 50% OF ALL 1000M NEOS AND POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS (PHO) WITHIN 1 YEAR 70% IN 3 YEARS AND 90% IN 10 YEARS DISCOVER MORE THAN 400 NEOS AND 100 PHOS PER YEAR OF 140M SIZE OR LARGER 3) DETECT ABOUT ONE SMALL ASTEROID PER YEAR THAT HITS THE EARTH 4) DISCOVER LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS 5) ENABLE SHAPE AND SPIN CALCULATIONS FROM HUNDREDS OF OBSERVATIONS PER YEAR OF THOUSANDS OF ASTEROIDS AND 6) DETECT ALL PLUTO-SIZED OBJECTS WITHIN A DISTANCE OF 120 AU. METHODS: WE HAVE BUILT A PAIR OF SMALL OBSERVATORIES EACH WITH AN 0.5M TELESCOPE THAT COVERS 30 SQUARE DEG WITH EACH EXPOSURE AND WE HAVE WRITTEN ALL THE SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR THEM TO OPERATE WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION. WE ARE CURRENTLY REPORTING ASTEROID AND COMET DETECTIONS TO THE MPC AND AS THE SYSTEM COMES FULLY ONLINE OUR RATE OF DISCOVERY WILL INCREASE BY A FACTOR OF 10. BY BUILDING ANOTHER TWO UNITS IN THE SOUTH AND AT DIFFERENT LONGITUDE WE WILL DOUBLE OUR DETECTION PROBABILITY FOR THE NEXT CHELYABINSKSIZED IMPACTOR. SIGNIFICANCE: THIS PROJECT WORKS TOWARDS ACCOMPLISHING THE CONGRESSIONAL MANDATE TO MITIGATE THE HAZARD FROM EARTH-IMPACTING ASTEROIDS BY FOCUSING ON DETECTION OF NEARLY ALL HAZARDOUS ASTEROIDS IN THE DAYS OR WEEKS BEFORE IMPACT. ALTHOUGH DETECTION IN TIME TO DIVERT DANGEROUS ASTEROIDS IS LAUDABLE IT IS ALSO CURRENTLY UNAFFORDABLE AND ATLAS ADDRESSES THE INTENT OF THE MANDATE BY PROTECTING LIVES. ATLAS WILL AFFORD A YEARLY OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY A METEORITE BEFORE IT STRIKES THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND WILL PROVIDE MUCH BETTER STATISTICS ON THE POPULATION THAT DOES PASS CLOSE TO THE EARTH. ATLAS WILL DISCOVER LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS SUITABLE FOR A MANNED MISSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPIN AND SHAPE OF MANY ASTEROIDS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR FUTURE MISSIONS., G1968183688, G2171960263, G2471946034, Exploring & Exploiting the Dynamic Optical Sky, G2945741187, G3095507666, Queen's University Belfast Astronomy Observation and Theory Consolidated Grant 2020-2023, ZWICKY TRANSIENT FACILITY, THE ASTEROID TERRESTRIAL-IMPACT LAST ALERT SYSTEM (ATLAS) WAS AWARDED A 5 YEAR GRANT BY NASA NEOO IN 2013 TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE WIDE FIELD TELESCOPES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF SCANNING THE ENTIRE SKY EACH NIGHT TO MAGNITUDE 20. THE PARTICULAR STRENGTH OF ATLAS IS TO BE COMPLEMENTARY TO LARGER TELESCOPES SUCH AS PAN-STARRS AND CATALINA - ATLAS COVERS MUCH MORE AREA EACH NIGHT TO A SHALLOWER DEPTH. ATLAS IS DESIGNED TO BE AN "EARLY WARNING" SYSTEM THAT WILL PROVIDE THREE WEEKS' NOTICE OF MOST 140M ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON TRACK TO HIT THE EARTH AND A WEEK'S NOTICE FOR MOST 50M ASTEROIDS. WE HAVE COMPLETED TWO ATLAS UNITS AND INSTALLED THEM ON HALEAKALA AND MAUNA LOA IN HAWAII. THE TELESCOPES OPERATE COMPLETELY ROBOTICALLY EACH NIGHT AND THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT THE DATA ARE REDUCED IN REAL-TIME ON EACH SUMMIT AND ANALYZED FOR CANDIDATE NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS. IN THE MORNING A HUMAN REVIEWER VERIFIES THE NEW ASTEROIDS IN THE NIGHTLY PROCESSING AND SUBMITS ASTROMETRY TO THE IAU MINOR PLANET CENTER. WE OBSERVE ABOUT HALF THE VISIBLE SKY EACH NIGHT FIVE TIMES WITH THE TWO-TELESCOPE SYSTEM BUT AT REDUCED SENSITIVITY DUE TO IMPROPERLY FIGURED SCHMIDT CORRECTORS ON THE TELESCOPES. REPLACEMENT LENSES FROM A DIFFERENT VENDOR ARE EXPECTED TO BE INSTALLED IN APRIL 2017 IMPROVING THE SENSITIVITY OF THE SYSTEM FROM M~19 TO THE DESIGNED CAPABILITY OF M~20 AND INCREASING THE DISCOVERY RATE BY MORE THAN 5X. TO DATE IN EARLY 2017 ATLAS HAS DISCOVERED 34 NEAS AND 5 PHAS SINCE START OF OPERATIONS. EXCEPT FOR DELAYS DUE TO THE SCHMIDT CORRECTORS ALL OTHER ASPECTS OF THE BUILD CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING OF BOTH THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PROJECTS HAVE BEEN ON-TIME AND ON-BUDGET. WE ARE PROPOSING TO BUILD TWO MORE IDENTICAL "ATLAS UNITS" AND DEPLOY THEM AT THE BEST SITES POSSIBLE. WE EXPECT THAT THESE SITES WILL BE SAAO IN SOUTH AFRICA AND CHILE BUT WE WILL PERFORM A COMPETITIVE SEARCH FOR ALTERNATE SITES ONCE THE PROPOSAL IS FUNDED. BECAUSE OF THE DIVERSITY IN LATITUDE LONGITUDE AND WEATHER THESE TWO ADDITIONAL UNITS SHOULD DOUBLE THE ATLAS DISCOVERY RATE OF THE MOST PERNICIOUS PHAS - THE 20-50M ASTEROIDS THAT PASS VERY CLOSE TO THE EARTH AND ARE ONLY VISIBLE TO ANY TELESCOPE FOR A SHORT TIME., G3574364555, G3575505617, G3581597466, G3782671888, G4056058649, G4096137220, G4256040405, G4256952568, G433322167, G4474636675, G4518818167, G4576554894, G4581537389, UK Involvement in LSST: Phase B (QUB component), G4797677415, G4800998230, THE POWER OF THE PAN-STARRS1 TELESCOPE TO DISCOVER NEOS HAS BEEN AMPLY DEMONSTRATED WITH THE CURRENT 11% DEDICATED ALLOCATION OF OBSERVING TIME SUPPO, G5658458668, G58316358, G6120759733, G6131798161, G618131832, G6273510985, G6389653479, G6549972864, G6561015458, A NEO SEARCH PROGRAM USING THE PAN-STARRS PS1 TELESCOPETHE GOAL OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH IS TO USE T, G6900289228, G6943664901, G7187964967, G7258890752, G7265250500, G7392312985, G767601387, Pan-STARRS1: Operations; Public Data Release; Education and Outreach, G7827905124, G8210229802, G8253295839, G833430883, G8429986923, G8743481091, G8787842239, New generation sky surveys, exotic transients and gravitational wave sources, G8934477357
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