Generic references to gender predict essentialism and stereotyping even when they express counter-stereotypic ideas.
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Gender essentialist and stereotypical beliefs emerge early in childhood, even though parents rarely discuss essentialist ideas with young children and often try to communicate egalitarian messages. Here we considered that parents' generic references to gender, which subtly convey that gender reflects a natural kind, could contribute to the transmission of these beliefs even when they express counter-stereotypic ideas. In this preregistered study, we used unmoderated remote research methods to record 192 parent-child dyads (children ages 3-5) talking about gender and assess children's gender essentialism and stereotypes. Parents' generic references to gender predicted children's essentialism and stereotyping, even when this language expressed neutral and counter-stereotypic content. These findings suggest that highlighting specific counter-stereotypical examples (e.g., "That girl is great at soccer!") might be more effective than counter-stereotypical generic sentences (e.g., "Girls are good at soccer too!") at mitigating gender essentialism and stereotyping in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
DOI: 10.1037/xge0001871
Institutions: New York University, Swarthmore College
Language: English
Subfield: Sociology and Political Science
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Funder: National Science Foundation
OpenAlex ID: W4416578070