Work

Regioselective Syntheses of Bis(indazolyl)methane Isomers: Controlling Kinetics and Thermodynamics via Tunable Non-Innocent Amines

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The selective synthesis of regioisomers from ambident N-heterocycles remains a challenge in organic chemistry. We report a general and modular method for the regioselective syntheses of bis(indazolyl)methane isomers, in which the outcome is controlled by the nature of the base. Specifically, we employed structurally diverse amines as noninnocent bases, whose steric and electronic properties─particularly their p K a H and ability to act as methylene carriers or activators─play a decisive role in directing product distribution. By fine-tuning the amine structure, we achieved selective access to symmetrical and unsymmetrical isomers under mild, one-step conditions, without intermediate isolation. The use of amines over conventional inorganic bases was essential to enable both chemo- and regioselective control, while minimizing overactivation or competing pathways. Experimental findings were supported by DFT calculations that rationalize the observed selectivity through differential activation energies and intermediate stabilities. The methodology accommodates both classical methylenating agents (e.g., CH 2 Br 2 ) and in situ generated ammonium-based donors. All compounds were fully characterized, and key products were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). This strategy highlights the utility of noninnocent amines as tunable reagents for regioselective transformations of ambident nucleophiles, with broad potential applications in ligand design, supramolecular chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis.

Source: ACS Omega

DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c08094