Work

A coordinated AGC-RTEM-P2P frequency control strategy using fractional-order controllers for low-inertia power systems

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The increasing integration of renewable energy sources has significantly decreased the effective inertia of modern power systems, thereby weakening their ability to regulate frequency. Traditional Automatic Generation Control (AGC) strategies are becoming increasingly inadequate in handling rapid frequency dynamics and stability issues, especially in the presence of communication delays. This paper proposes a novel three-layer coordinated frequency control strategy, named AGC-RTEM-P2P, which incorporates fractional-order control, a hierarchical system architecture, and delay compensation techniques. Central to the approach is a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller, which supports a multi-timescale control framework consisting of the AGC layer, the real-time energy market (RTEM) layer, and the peer-to-peer (P2P) coordination layer. Communication delays are effectively addressed using Padé approximation and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) estimation. Control parameters are globally optimized using the lightning search algorithm (LSA). Simulation studies conducted on the IEEE 118-bus system show that the proposed strategy outperforms conventional methods by reducing frequency deviations, enhancing system stability margins, and lowering control energy consumption.

Source: Energy Informatics

DOI: 10.1186/s42162-025-00608-3

Authors: Mengge Liu, Haonan Zhang, Yue Ji, Mengyuan Tan, Zengji Liu

Institutions: Nanjing University of Finance & Economics Hongshan College, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications

Language: English

Topic: Frequency Control in Power Systems

Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,490