Development of robust machine learning models to estimate hydrochar higher heating value and yield based upon biomass proximate analysis
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This study introduces a robust machine learning framework for predicting hydrochar yield and higher heating value (HHV) using biomass proximate analysis. A curated dataset of 481 samples was assembled, featuring input variables such as fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash content, reaction time, temperature, and water content. Hydrochar yield and HHV served as the target outputs. To enhance data quality, Monte Carlo Outlier Detection (MCOD) was employed to eliminate anomalous entries. Thirteen machine learning algorithms, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), linear regression, decision trees, and advanced ensemble methods (CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost) were systematically compared. CatBoost demonstrated superior performance, achieving an R 2 of 0.98 and mean squared error (MSE) of 0.05 for HHV prediction, and an R 2 of 0.94 with MSE of 0.03 for yield estimation. SHAP analysis identified ash content as the most influential feature for HHV prediction, while temperature, water content, and fixed carbon were key drivers of yield. These results validate the effectiveness of gradient boosting models, particularly CatBoost, in accurately modeling hydrothermal carbonization outcomes and supporting data-driven biomass valorization strategies. Graphical abstract
Source: Bioresources and Bioprocessing
Authors: Guoliang Hou, Ahmad Alkhayyat, Ahmad Almalkawi, Anupam Yadav, H. S. Shreenidhi, Vishnu Saini, Shirin Shomurotova, Devendra Singh, Vatsal Jain, Aseel Smerat, Ahmad Khalid
Institutions: Changchun Normal University, Islamic University of Najaf, Modern College of Business and Science, GLA University, Jain University, Sharda University, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Uttaranchal University, Chitkara University, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Saveetha University, Sana'a University
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,890
Funder: Changchun Normal University
OpenAlex ID: W4416935140