Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT Dust growth from micron- to planet-size in protoplanetary discs involves multiple physical processes, including dust collisions, the streaming instability, and pebble accretion. Disc turbulence and dust fragility matter at almost every stage. Previous studies typically vary one of them while fixing the other, failing to provide a complete picture. Here, we use analytical models and numerical dust evolution models DustPy to study the combinations of gas turbulence and dust fragility that can reproduce multiwavelength Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) observables. We find that only appropriate combinations – fragile dust ($v_\mathrm{frag}$ = 1–$2~\mathrm{m~s^{-1}}$) in discs with viscous $\alpha =10^{-4}$ or resilient dust ($v_\mathrm{frag}$ = 6–$10~\mathrm{m~s^{-1}}$) in discs with viscous $\alpha =10^{-3}$ – can reproduce observations. Our result is robust to two widely used opacities (DSHARP and Ricci opacities). Regardless of the strength of disc turbulence, reproducing observations requires observed dust rings to be optically thick at $\lambda =1.3$ and 3 mm. As only small dust can be lifted above the mid-plane to reach the emitting layers, SED analysis probably yields lower limits on the maximum grain sizes. We highlight the challenge of creating detectable dust rings at large radii when incorporating bouncing in models, and the need for earlier formation of dust rings at smaller radii to reproduce the decreasing ring brightness with radius observed across ALMA wavelengths.
Institutions: University of Leicester, University of Milan
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,046
Funders: National Science Foundation, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, University of Leicester, European Commission, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Fondazione Cariplo, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Science and Technology Council, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, Science and Technology Facilities Council, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, H2020 European Research Council
OpenAlex ID: W4416937949