Work

Comparative evaluation of the material consumption and carbon footprint of silicon PV modules

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This study provides a comparative evaluation of the material consumption and carbon footprint of silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules. Utilizing 71 environmental product declaration (EPD) reports from 23 solar panel manufacturers, covering over 220 modules, the assessment focuses on greenhouse gas emissions and material demands across different cell technologies—including passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), tunneling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon), silicon heterojunction (SHJ), and back contact (BC)—and module types, comparing monofacial and bifacial. Moreover, steel and aluminum frames are compared. Results indicate significant global-warming potential (GWP) and embodied energy (EE) variations among different technologies. Notably, steel-framed modules demonstrate lower GWP despite a higher weight per watt peak (Wp). The study highlights the need for standardized functional units in EPD reports to facilitate fair comparisons and the importance of considering material sustainability and recycling in PV manufacturing.

Source: Cell Reports Sustainability

DOI: 10.1016/j.crsus.2025.100576

Authors: Moonyong Kim, Catherine Chan, Sisi Wang, Li Wang, Nathan Chang, Brett Hallam

Institution: UNSW Sydney

Language: English

Topic: Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability

Subfield: Environmental Engineering

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Climate action, Affordable and clean energy, Responsible consumption and production

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $5,730