Work

Modular ammonia-based hydrogen propulsion for drones and ground vehicles

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Hydrogen logistics remain a bottleneck for sustainable mobility, particularly in off-grid applications where compressed hydrogen and batteries face limits in energy density and infrastructure. This study proposes the first modular ammonia-to-hydrogen propulsion unit engineered for UAVs and ground vehicles. The compact system integrates catalytic cracking of liquid NH₃ at 650–750 °C (Ru/SiO₂ for UAVs, Ni/Al₂O₃ for vehicles), hydrogen purification via Pd/Ag or ceramic membranes, and power conversion through either PEM fuel cells or hydrogen-adapted internal combustion engines. A cartridge-based modular design enables easy replacement of catalysts and membranes, direct adaptation to platform needs, and scalable performance. Modeling indicates that a 200 kg UAV can achieve ranges up to 150 km with 1.2–1.5 kg NH₃ per 100 km. The novelty lies not in the individual processes, but in their first integration into a deployable system architecture optimized for mobility. Coupled with nuclear-sourced ammonia production, this approach outlines a fossil-free pathway that combines high energy density with improved logistics and lifecycle sustainability.

Source: Cleaner Energy Systems

DOI: 10.1016/j.cles.2025.100228

Author: Jaroslav Pavelka

Institution: University of West Bohemia in Pilsen

Language: English

Topic: Hydrogen Storage and Materials

Subfield: Materials Chemistry

Field: Materials Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Affordable and clean energy, Climate action

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,270