Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Across cultures and centuries, humans have sought to explain suffering, be it as moral failure, biological necessity, or existential condition. Today, as artificial intelligence begins to mimic aspects of thought and emotion, the question resurfaces: can a machine suffer? In this paper, we revisit suffering not as a sentimental analogy but as a comparative lens between human and algorithmic cognition. Building on earlier reflections on "painful intelligence", we examine how frustration, reward, and prediction take shape in neural and computational systems, grounding our analysis in Bayesian inference, behavioral psychology, and theories of consciousness. While both humans and machines respond to errors and unmet goals, only the former experience these as violations of meaning and integrity. By tracing this divide, we suggest that suffering remains the last frontier between optimization and awareness-a reminder that consciousness cannot be reduced to performance, however convincing the imitation.
Source: Frontiers in Psychology
Authors: Esen K. Tütüncü, Mar Gonzalez-Franco
Institutions: Google (United States), Universitat de Barcelona
Language: English
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W4416993156