Isolated massive star candidates in NGC 4242 with the Galaxy UV Legacy Project
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Context. There is considerable debate about the formation of massive stars, including whether a high-mass star must always form with a population of low-mass stars, or if it can also form in isolation. Massive stars found in the field are often considered to be runaways from star clusters or OB associations. However, there is evidence in the Milky Way and the Small Magellanic Cloud of high-mass stars that appear to be isolated in the field and they cannot be related to any known star cluster or OB association. Studies of more distant galaxies have been lacking so far. Aims. We identified massive star candidates that appear isolated in the field of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 4242 (at a distance of 5.3 Mpc) to explore how many candidates for isolated star formation we find in a galaxy outside the Local Group. Methods. We identified 234 massive ( M ini ≥ 15 M ⊙ ) and young (≤10 Myr) field stars in NGC 4242 using the Hubble Space Telescope Solar Blind Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys, the UVIS channel of the Wide Field Camera 3 from the Galaxy UV Legacy Project (GULP), and optical data from the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS). We investigated the surroundings of our targets within the range of projected distances expected for runaway stars, 74 pc and 204 pc. Results. Within the threshold radii, 9.8% and 34.6% of our targets have no young star clusters, OB associations, or massive stars. This causes them to appear isolated. This fraction reduces to 3.2%−11.5% for the total number of massive stars expected from the observed UV star formation rate. Conclusions. Our results show that there is a small population of young and massive potentially isolated field stars in NGC 4242.
Source: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Pietro Facchini, Eva K. Grebel, Anna Pasquali, Elena Sabbi, Beena Meena, Varun Bajaj, John S. Gallagher III, Bruce G. Elmegreen, Luciana Bianchi, Angela Adamo, Daniela Calzetti, Michele Cignoni, Paul A. Crowther, Jan J. Eldridge, Mario Gennaro, Ralf S. Klessen, Linda J. Smith, Aida Wofford, Peter Zeidler
Institutions: Heidelberg University, Space Telescope Science Institute, NSF NOIRLab, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Johns Hopkins University, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of Pisa, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, National Institute for Astrophysics, University of Sheffield, University of Auckland, Harvard University, Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, European Space Agency
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,865
OpenAlex ID: W4417004772