Work

Residual stress determination in additively manufactured steels under different composition ratios and processing states

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This study investigates the influence of varying compositional ratios of 316 L and 17-4PH stainless steel in functionally graded materials (FGM) on the microstructure and residual stress states of components produced by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB). Samples were fabricated under constant process conditions and analyzed in three conditions: as-built, stress-relieved, and mechanically treated by deep rolling. The individual alloys grew in columnar, needle-like grains, while the use of mixed compositions resulted in more homogeneous microstructures. X-ray diffraction revealed a dominant face-centered cubic (fcc) phase up to 60 wt% 17-4PH; higher ratios led to increased body-centered cubic (bcc) phase fractions due to ferrite-forming elements. Residual stresses were measured using the sin²ψ method. Annealing reduced the tensile stresses, while deep rolling induced compressive stresses up to − 300 MPa perpendicular to the additive manufacturing scanning direction. As the 17-4PH content increased, the variation in the residual stress values between processing states decreased. The results demonstrate that both material composition and post-processing have a significant effect on the resulting microstructure and residual stress state of DED-LB components.

Source: Production Engineering

DOI: 10.1007/s11740-025-01377-4

Authors: J. Platz, J. Aurich, B. Bergmann, H. Petersen, H. Nordmeyer

Institutions: University of Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Leibniz University Hannover

Language: English

Topic: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes

Subfield: Mechanical Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,290

Funders: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft