Work

Air Quality Prediction Affected by Different Activation Functions and Hidden Layer Nodes in Artificial Neural Network Models

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The effects of different activation functions (sigmoid and hyperbolic tangent), and node numbers in a hidden layer of artificial neural network (ANN) models on urban air quality forecasting were investigated in a coastal city of Korea. The ANN models of multilayer perceptron (MLP) with a back-propagation training algorithm for error calculation in cases of 13, 15, and 17 nodes in each hidden layer were performed using 15 input independent variables (PM, gas, and meteorological data of Gangneung city (Republic of Korea)), affected by PM and gas of an upwind Beijing city (China). Root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2; Pearson R) were evaluated to assess the two models’ forecasting abilities between the predicted and measured values. The values of R by ANN-sig (ANN-tanh) with 13, 15, and 17 hidden neuron numbers were 0.930 (0.950), 0.920 (0.947), 0.926(0.953) on PM10, 0.953 (0.956), 0.927 (0.938), 0.949 (0.960) on PM2.5, and 0.880 (0.959), 0.917 (0.886), and 0.882 (0.939) on NO2. Regardless of node numbers and activation functions, the prediction abilities of the two models were excellent, showing the highest values of R in the ANN-tanh model with more neuron numbers in the hidden layer. Unlike previous studies’ insistence that smaller nodes (larger) in the hidden layer produce the overfit (underfit) result in the ANN model, the present study proves that more nodes in its hidden layer than the input layer can yield the best prediction than any other, as shown in their temporal distributions and scatter plots of predicted and measured data. Future-time air quality forecasting at Gangneung city can be calculated sequentially using its current time data and previous time data from Beijing city, using the suggested empirical formulas.

Source: Applied Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/app152412863

Author: Soo-Min Choi

Institution: Konkuk University

Language: English

Topic: Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting

Subfield: Environmental Engineering

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Sustainable cities and communities

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896