Optimization of β-Carotene Extraction from Tucumã Fruit ( Astrocaryum aculeatum ) Using Ionic Liquids: Evaluation of Efficiency, Thermal and Light Stability
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide This study aimed to optimize the extraction of β-carotene from the pulp of tucumã ( Astrocaryum aculeatum ), an Amazonian fruit rich in bioactive compounds, using the ionic liquid [C 4 mim][BF 4 ] as a sustainable alternative to conventional acetone extraction. Using a central composite design, the optimal extraction conditions were determined: a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5, 10 min of extraction time, and 65.5 W of power. The [C 4 mim][BF 4 ] method achieved a higher yield (12.10 mg/100 g) than acetone (8.75 mg/100 g), with greater thermal and photolytic stability. In an oily medium at 90 °C, the extract exhibited a half-life of 3466 min, and colorimetric analysis indicated reduced color degradation, confirming its potential as a stable natural colorant. Toxicity tests revealed low toxicity in all samples against Artemia salina larvae, with [C 4 mim][BF 4 ] showing no significant lethal effects, whereas the acetone extract exhibited higher activity (LC 50 = 682.32 μg/mL) and the positive control, lapachol, displayed high toxicity (LC 50 = 33.51 μg/mL). Predictive PASS analysis indicated that β-carotene and α-carotene have high probabilities of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging activities, while lutein demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, and cardioprotective potential. In all cases, Pa values exceeded Pi values, confirming the pharmacological feasibility of the compounds. Thus, [C 4 mim][BF 4 ] is a green, efficient, and safe alternative for the extraction and stabilization of carotenoids from tucumã, with potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Source: ACS Omega
Language: English
Subfield: Catalysis
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,935
OpenAlex ID: W4417448600