Camel Bones as a Source of Fat: Optimization of Extraction Methods and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This study explores the viability of using camel bones, an abundant by-product in North Africa and the Middle East, as a novel source of fat for biodiesel production. A moist-heat extraction process using a pressure cooker was employed to extract fat from both hollow and flat bones. The initial phase of the study optimized temperature (40-100 °C) and duration (0.5-5 hours) using ordinary water, confirming that fat yield increased with both parameters. A subsequent phase significantly enhanced extraction efficiency by introducing two key optimizations: grinding the bones to increase surface area and using distilled water to eliminate ionic interference. This approach achieved a peak yield of 26.69% (by bone mass) for hollow bones at 100 °C after 6 hours. Compositional analysis indicated a predominance of saturated fatty acids. The findings confirm that camel bones are a promising fat source for industrial applications, such as biodiesel production via transesterification, with an optimal extraction window of 3 to 5 hours identified for an efficient process.
Source: Acta chimica slovenica
Authors: Mohamed Mokadem, Habib Farhat, Khadra Mokadem
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4417497678
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