Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Depth-based probabilistic routing (DPR) is an efficient underwater acoustic network (UAN) routing protocol which resists the depth-spoofing attack. DPR's optimal value of the unqualified forwarding probability depends on the UAN topology, condition, and threat state, which are highly dynamic. If the static forwarding probability used in DPR is set too low for the current state, packet delivery ratio (PDR) drops. If it is set too high, unnecessary forwarding occurs when the network is not under attack, thus wasting valuable energy. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol, which uses a feedback mechanism that allows the sink to continuously adapt the unqualified forwarding probability according to the current network state. The protocol aims to achieve an application-controlled desired delivery ratio using one of three proposed update algorithms developed in this work. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms through simulation. Results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive routing protocol achieves resilience to depth-spoofing attacks by successfully delivering more than 80% of generated packets in more than 95% of simulated networks, while avoiding unnecessary unqualified forwarding in normal conditions.
Source: Sensors
DOI: 10.3390/s26010017
Authors: Ayman Alharbi, Saleh Ibrahim
Institutions: Umm al-Qura University, Cairo University, Taif University
Language: English
Subfield: Ocean Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W4417500866