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Mechanical properties and strain localization of WA-DED printed P91 steel

Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: • P91 steel was additively manufactured by WA-DED w/wo post process heat treatments • As printed P91 consists of fresh and tempered martensite • As printed P91 exhibited hardness fluctuation and strain localization • PPHT eases microstructure heterogeneity, hardness fluctuation, strain localization • Tempering-only PPHT is necessary for the WA-DED printed P91 steel This paper discusses a P91 steel block that was additively manufactured by wire arc direct energy deposition (WA-DED) followed by two types of post-process heat treatment (PPHT). Vickers microhardness and digital image correlation tensile tests were performed along the building direction. The global mechanical properties (i.e., microhardness and tensile properties) and the local mechanical responses (i.e., hardness fluctuation and strain localization) were systematically investigated. Results showed that (1) all P91 specimens showed higher strengths than American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard requirements for wrought P91 steel, (2) the as-printed P91 exhibited much higher average hardness and fluctuations than that after PPHT, (3) PPHT reduced P91 strengths but improved the ductility significantly, and (4) strain localization presented in the as-printed specimen during uniform deformation in tensile tests. The hardness fluctuation and strain localization along the building direction of the AP P91 was caused by different thermal histories received during WA-DED. The study indicated that PPHT, ideally tempering-only heat treatment, is necessary for the WA-DED printed P91 steel.
DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100351
Authors: Wei Tang, Saket Thapliyal, Yukinori Yamamoto, Andrzej Nycz, Riley Wallace, Peeyush Nandwana
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,470
Award: G256130517
OpenAlex ID: W4417506686
FWCI: 0.301
Cites: 17
Cited by: 1
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