Work

Acute toxicity of novel triazine-based UV filters towards Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna: Single and mixture effect

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The growing use of novel triazine-based UV filters (UVFs) has drawn significant attention regarding their toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, there remains a paucity of available toxicity data for these emerging UVFs. In this study, we evaluated the single acute toxicities of three triazine-based UVFs including bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine (BEMT), diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), and ethylhexyl triazone (EHT), towards Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna. For comparison, the single acute toxicities of three commonly non- triazine-based UVFs, namely diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), avobenzone (AVB), and octocrylene (OCR) were also determined. Simultaneously, we systematically examined the acute mixture toxicity of these six compounds on Daphnia magna and assessed their ecological risks. The results indicated that BEMT, DBT, and EHT exhibited negligible growth inhibition (<10%) towards Chlorella vulgaris under single exposure at concentrations up to 15 mg/L. As concentrations increased, DHHB, AVB, and OCR progressively inhibited Chlorella vulgaris. The median effective concentration (EC50) for the triazine-based UVFs in relation to Daphnia magna demonstrated lower toxicity compared to DHHB, AVB, and OCR. Based on 48h EC50 values for Daphnia magna, the three triazine UV filters are less toxic than the non-triazine filters DHHB, AVB, and OCR. Mixture exposure experiments revealed that the combinations of BEMT+EHT, BEMT+EHT+DHHB, and DHHB+EHT displayed antagonistic effects. Conversely, synergistic interaction was observed in the mixture of BEMT+AVB+OCR, potentially attributed to distinct toxicity mechanisms among its components. Furthermore, we evaluated the ecological risk associated with BEMT, DBT, and EHT using a modified risk quotient approach. This study represents a pioneering effort in reporting both single and mixture toxicity profiles of emerging triazine-based UVFs while providing critical data for environmental risk assessment concerning these contaminants.

Source: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119584

Authors: Rundong Chen, Hong Gao, Zhigang Wang, Cheng Zeng, Jianjun Liu, Rong Chen

Institutions: Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei Polytechnic University

Language: English

Topic: Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Clean water and sanitation

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,650