Work

When the game turns toxic: Exploring gendered effects on well-being and self-esteem

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Toxic behavior remains a significant problem in online games, but there is scarce knowledge about the psychological effects of being subjected to such behavior, especially across genders. This study addresses this gap by examining how toxic behavior affects players’ well-being and self-esteem. Methods: This study combined elements of an an Intensive Longitudinal Study (ILS) and an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), with daily assessments of 88 gamers over a 15-day period, investigating self-esteem, well-being and verbal toxic behavior experience. Data were analysed using a logistic random effects model. Results: Women received significantly more derogatory comments related to gender, sexuality, religion, or ethnicity, and sexual comments/sounds directed at them compared to men. Women also experienced a significantly stronger effect of toxic behavior on their well-being and self-esteem relative to men. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that experiencing toxicity can indeed have significant effects on those who are targeted, especially women. Results should be considered by the gaming industry and gaming community, respectively, to create and maintain safe and welcoming gaming environments.

Source: Computers in Human Behavior Reports

DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100914

Authors: Beate Wold Hygen, Stian Lydersen, Daria J. Kuss, Tobias Scholz, Christian Wendelborg

Institutions: University of Agder, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Samfunnsforskning, Nottingham Trent University

Language: English

Topic: Digital Games and Media

Subfield: Sociology and Political Science

Field: Social Sciences

Domain: Social Sciences

SDGs: Good health and well-being, Gender equality, Reduced inequalities

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,880