Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: To understand early star formation, it is essential to determine the dust mass budget of high-redshift galaxies. Sub-millimeter rest-frame emission, dominated by cold dust, is an unbiased tracer of dust mass. The New IRAM KID Arrays 2 (NIKA2) conducted a deep blank field survey at 1.2 and 2.0 mm in the GOODS-N field as part of the NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey (N2CLS), detecting 65 sources with S/N ≥ 4.2. Thanks to a dedicated interferometric program with NOEMA and other high-angular resolution data, we identified the multi-wavelength counterparts of these sources and resolved them into 71 individual galaxies. We built detailed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and assigned a redshift to 68 of them over the range 0.6 < z < 7.2. We fit these SEDs using modified blackbody and Draine & Li (2007, ApJ, 657, 810) models and the panchromatic approaches MAGPHYS, CIGALE, and SED3FIT, thus deriving their dust mass (Mdust), infrared luminosity (LIR), and stellar mass (M⋆). Eight galaxies require an active galactic nucleus torus component, and another six require an unextinguished young stellar population. A significant fraction of our galaxies are classified as starbursts based on their position on the M⋆ versus star formation rate plane or their depletion timescales. We computed the dust mass function in three redshift bins (1.6 < z ≤ 2.4, 2.4 < z ≤ 4.2 and 4.2 < z ≤ 7.2) and determined the Schechter function that best describes it. The dust cosmic density, ρdust, increases by at least an order of magnitude from z ∼ 7 to z ∼ 1.5, as predicted by theoretical works. At lower redshifts, the evolution flattens. Nonetheless, significant differences exist between results obtained with different selections and methods. The superb GOODS-N data set enabled a systematic investigation into the dust properties of distant galaxies. N2CLS holds promise for combining these deep field findings with the wide COSMOS field into a self-consistent analysis of dust in galaxies both near and far.
Authors: S. Berta, G. Lagache, A. Beelen, R. Adam, P. Ade, H. Ajeddig, S. Amarantidis, P. André, H. Aussel, A. Benoît, M. Bethermin, L.-J. Bing, A. Bongiovanni, J. Bounmy, O. Bourrion, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, D. Chérouvrier, L. Ciesla, M. De Petris, F.-X. Désert, S. Doyle, E. F. C. Driessen, G. Ejlali, D. Elbaz, A. Ferragamo, A. Gomez, J. Goupy, C. Hanser, S. Katsioli, F. Kéruzoré, C. Kramer, B. Ladjelate, S. Leclercq, J.-F. Lestrade, J. F. Macías-Pérez, S. C. Madden, A. Maury, F. Mayet, H. Messias, A. Monfardini, A. Moyer-Anin, M. Muñoz-Echeverría, I. Myserlis, R. Neri, A. Paliwal, L. Perotto, G. Pisano, N. Ponthieu, V. Revéret, A. J. Rigby, A. Ritacco, H. Roussel, F. Ruppin, M. Sánchez-Portal, S. Savorgnano, K. Schuster, A. Sievers, C. Tucker, M.-Y. Xiao, R. Zylka
Institutions: Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Cardiff University, Université Paris Cité, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation, Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, University of Sussex, Institut polytechnique de Grenoble, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Sapienza University of Rome, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Astrobiología, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, Argonne National Laboratory, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Observatoire de Paris, Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères, Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, European Southern Observatory, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, University of Leeds, University of Rome Tor Vergata, École Normale Supérieure - PSL, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon 1 Université, University of Geneva, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lagrange Laboratory, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Aix-Marseille Université, Space Telescope Science Institute, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Awards: G103270039, G1190173965, G1338664626, G2121614283, G256731684, G292453335, G3527965702, Des détecteurs pour Observer l'Univers, G5568641063, G5850839165, Observing the millimeter sky with the NIKA2 camera, G7677975872, G8177421190, Better Accuracy and robusTness for Mass Assessment of Neutrino, G8800819381, G880779785, G8963277490, G8964069747, G994248709
OpenAlex ID: W6940485674
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