Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: Aims. Understanding how the properties of galaxies relate to the properties of the hot circum-galactic medium (CGM) around them can constrain galaxy evolution models. We aim to measure the scaling relations between the X-ray luminosity of the hot CGM and the fundamental properties (stellar mass and halo mass) of a galaxy. Methods. We measured the X-ray luminosity of the hot CGM based on the surface brightness profiles of central galaxy samples measured from Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG)/eROSITA all-sky survey data. We related the X-ray luminosity to the galaxies’ stellar and halo mass, and we compared the observed relations to the self-similar model and intrinsic (i.e., not forward-modeled) output of the IllustrisTNG, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations. Results. The average hot CGM X-ray luminosity (LX, CGM) correlates with the galaxy’s stellar mass (M*). It increases from (1.6 ± 2.1) × 1039 erg s−1 to (3.4 ± 0.3) × 1041 erg s−1, when log(M*) increases from 10.0 to 11.5. A power law describes the correlation as log(LX, CGM) = (2.4 ± 0.1)×log(M*)+(14.6 ± 1.5). The hot CGM X-ray luminosity as a function of halo mass is measured within log(M500c) = 11.3 − 13.7, extending our knowledge of the scaling relation by more than two orders of magnitude. LX, CGM increases with M500c from (3.0 ± 1.6) × 1039 erg s−1 at log(M500c) = 11.3 to (1.3 ± 0.1) × 1042 erg s−1 at log(M500c) = 13.7. The relation follows a power law of log(LX, CGM) = (1.32 ± 0.05)×log(M500c)+(24.1 ± 0.7). Our observations highlight the necessity of non-gravitational processes at the galaxy group scale while suggesting these processes are sub-dominant at the galaxy scale. We show that the outputs of current cosmological galaxy simulations generally align with the observational results uncovered here but with possibly important deviations in selected mass ranges. Conclusions. We explore, at the low mass end, the average scaling relations between the CGM X-ray luminosity and the galaxy’s stellar mass or halo mass, which constitutes a new benchmark for galaxy evolution models and feedback processes.
Authors: Yi Zhang, Johan Comparat, Gabriele Ponti, Andrea Merloni, Kirpal Nandra, Frank Haberl, Nhut Truong, Annalisa Pillepich, Nicola Locatelli, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Jeremy Sanders, Xueying Zheng, Ang Liu, Paola Popesso, Teng Liu, Peter Predehl, Mara Salvato, Soumya Shreeram, Michael C. H. Yeung
Institutions: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Brera Astronomical Observatory, National Institute for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Goddard Space Flight Center, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, European Southern Observatory, University of Science and Technology of China
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, University of California, Princeton University, Ohio State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pittsburgh, Case Western Reserve University, Drexel University, Universität Basel, University of Portsmouth, New Mexico State University, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, European Commission, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Universität Hamburg, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Office of Science, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Russian Academy of Sciences, Division of Astronomical Sciences, High Energy Physics, U.S. Naval Observatory, Fermilab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, H2020 European Research Council, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council
Awards: IMPROVING COSMOLOGICAL PRECISION BY MITIGATING DESI REDSHIFT SURVEY SYSTEMATICS, The CLuster and group Environment as Viewed by eROSITA, G201248631, RUI: Stellar Mass Content of Galaxy Dark Matter Halos, G434337789, G4492706539, IMPROVING COSMOLOGICAL PRECISION BY MITIGATING DESI REDSHIFT SURVEY SYSTEMATICS, G6866600364, G7074914760, Flows of hot plasma connecting the Milky Way centre to the corona, halo and beyond, G994286665
OpenAlex ID: W6940780962
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