Closure, Circulation, and the Assertion of Space: A Vector-Integral Foundation of Mass in Closed Surface Theory
Year: 2025
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: This paper reformulates the origin of mass and space from the standpoint of closed surface theory, using vector calculus and surface integrals. It posits that mass is not a fundamental substance but arises from incomplete vector interference over closed surfaces—specifically, when the line integral of a vector field over a loop does not vanish (∮A ≠ 0). In this framework, space is asserted only where vector closure fails, while complete interference (∮A = 0) corresponds to vacuum. The theory distinguishes between scalar fields (distributed patterns on equipotential surfaces) and vector fields (normal directional force flows), and offers a unified geometric model in which mass, volume, and space emerge from the degree and direction of interference imbalance. This approach provides a mathematically rigorous yet intuitively visualizable structure that connects mass generation to topological and geometric properties of physical fields. Author: Tetsuo Konno(今野哲夫) https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1842-7865
Author: Konno, Tetsuo
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W6950150062
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