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Use of out and in in Generic Interfaces: Covariance and Contravariance

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This article explores the use of covariance and contravariance in generic interfaces in C#, clarifying the `out` and `in` modifiers. It initially defines the concept of generic interfaces, followed by an analysis of the principles of covariance, which allows the use of derived types, and contravariance, which enables the use of base types.

Source: Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16899285

Author: Sabbag Filho, Nagib

Institution: Faculdade de Informática e Administração Paulista

Language: English

Topic: Logic, programming, and type systems

Subfield: Artificial Intelligence

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: green

OpenAlex ID: W7076380378

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