Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas: An Evolutionary Perspective from Sāṅkhya to the Bhagavad Gītā
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The Triguṇas Sattva (purity and harmony), Rajas (activity and passion), and Tamas (inertia and ignorance) are central to understanding the metaphysical and psychological frameworks of Indian philosophy. This paper examines the evolutionary perspective of these three guṇas as they transition from their foundational exposition in Sāṅkhya philosophy to their dynamic and transformative interpretation in the Bhagavad Gītā. In Sāṅkhya, the guṇas are integral to prakṛti (nature), shaping the creation and function of the universe. The Bhagavad Gītā, however, extends this understanding by embedding the guṇas within a moral and spiritual framework, providing practical guidance for transcending their influence to attain self-realization and liberation (mokṣa). Through a comparative analysis, this study elucidates the interplay of the guṇas in shaping human behaviour, ethical decision-making and spiritual evolution. The paper also explores the guṇas relevance in contemporary contexts, offering insights into how this ancient framework can inform modern discussions on personality, ethics, and self-development.
Authors: Dr. Sashikanta Barik, Laxman Majhi
Language: English
Topic: Indian and Buddhist Studies
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7080136684
FWCI:
Cites:
Cited by:
Related to: