TTU: How the Gradient of Time Creates a Force Measurable in the Laboratory and in Space
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This engineering preprint demonstrates how the gradient of time (∇τ) can act as a source of force applicable in alternative propulsion systems—from EMDrive to plasma thrusters. The Temporal Unification Theory (TTU) offers an interpretation of gravity, inertia, and nuclear interactions as manifestations of a single temporal force arising from spacetime gradients. We provide specific calculations, analytical formulas, experimental correlations (GPS, LAGEOS, AEgIS), and a Python module for estimating the magnitude of Fτ. The obtained results are consistent with observed anomalies and open the path to a new engineering physics based on the metric structure of time. Keywords: temporal force; time gradient; TTU; alternative thrusters; ion thruster; plasma thruster; gravity; time interference; metric structure; experimental physics; GPS; EMDrive; LAGEOS; AEgIS; Mercury's perihelion; quantum clocks; theory of relativity; spacetime gradients; energy of time; engineering physics Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Philosophical and Scientific Comments 3. Experiment 1: Laser Pendulum in a Time Gradient 4. Experiment 2: A Rod in a Vacuum Chamber 5. Physical Permissibility 6. Generalized Formula of the Temporal Force 7. Where to Look for Anomalies Today 8. Practical Tools 9. Conclusions 10. References 1. Introduction Einstein compared time to a river flowing from the past to the future. This river has a flow rate—and according to the General Theory of Relativity (GR), it can vary locally. For example, around the Earth, where satellites move, time flows faster, while at the planet's center, it flows slower. This means that satellites are in a zone of fast temporal flow, while we are on the "banks," where the flow is slowed. If you throw a stick into the center of a river, it is carried toward the bank—to where the current is weaker. Similarly, objects in the "river of time," under the action of a temporal force, tend to move toward regions with a slower flow of time. It is this gradient of the temporal flow that underlies the anomalous thrust observed in alternative thrusters—from EMDrive to plasma installations. The mechanisms for accelerating and decelerating time in such systems are not a mystery; they are implemented constructively. Moreover, the existence of a time gradient allows gravitational, nuclear, and even weak interactions to be expressed as derivatives of the temporal force. The perihelion of Mercury, for example, is easily calculated through this gradient—which stumps traditional models. However, our task is an engineering one. Let theorists argue about the nature of time; we show that if time is accepted as a measurable substance, similar to any other physical field, new possibilities open up. As long as no one has refuted that time can be substantial—we use this assumption as a working hypothesis.
Author: Lemeshko, Andriy
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7083001016
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