Ingerophrynus chrysolophus Arkhipov, Pawangkhanant, Sarker, Nguyen, Suwannapoom, Smith & Poyarkov 2025, sp. nov.
Year: 2025
Type: other
Abstract: Ingerophrynus chrysolophus Arkhipov, Pawangkhanant, Sarker, Nguyen, Suwannapoom, Smith & Poyarkov sp. nov. Figs 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, Table 1 Chresonymy. Ingerophrynus parvus [partim] — Taylor (1962: 329–332); Ohler et al. (2002: 467); Neang and Holden (2008: 53); Chan-ard et al. (2011: 32–33); Mulcahy et al. (2018: 85–162); Srion et al. (2018: 1–7); Chan and Grismer (2019: 3); Niyomwan et al. (2019: 186–187); Zug and Mulcahy (2020: 29); Poyarkov et al. (2021: 20); Zug (2022: 15); Holden (2023: 63). Type materials. Holotype. • ZMMU A-8030 (field label NAP-11571), adult female from Wat Tham Sanook Temple, Tha Sae District, Chumphon Province, Thailand (10.481°N, 99.073°E; elevation 65 m asl.), collected on 27 January 2022, by N. A. Poyarkov, D. V. Arkhipov, P. Pawangkhanant, and C. Suwannapoom. Paratypes (n = 8). • ZMMU A-8034, A-8039 (two adult males; field labels NAP-11575, NAP-11580), and ZMMU A-8031 – A-8033, A-8035 – A-8037 (six adult females; field labels NAP-11572–11574, NAP-11576–11578) from Wat Tham Sanook Temple, Tha Sae District, Chumphon Province, Thailand (10.481°N, 99.073°E; elevation 65 m asl.), collected on 27 January 2022, by N. A. Poyarkov, D. V. Arkhipov, P. Pawangkhanant, and C. Suwannapoom. Referred specimens (n = 16). • ZMMU A-8020 (adult male; field label NAP-11165) from Pa Klok District, Phuket Province, Thailand (8.039°N, 98.391°E; elevation 68 m asl.), collected on 15 January 2022, by N. A. Poyarkov, D. V. Arkhipov, P. Pawangkhanant, and C. Suwannapoom; • ZMMU A-8047 – A-8060 (14 adult males; field labels NAP-11726–11740) and ZMMU A-8061 (adult female; field label NAP-11741) from Khao Kra Jom, Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand (13.582°N, 99.178°E; elevation 998 m asl.), collected on 30 January 2022, by N. A. Poyarkov, D. V. Arkhipov, P. Pawangkhanant, and C. Suwannapoom. Diagnosis. A member of the genus Ingerophrynus with the following combination of morphological characters: a medium-sized species (SVL 30.3–35.7 mm in males, 34.0– 42.4 mm in females); head large and wide (HL / HW 0.81–0.98 in males, 0.80–0.96 in females); parotoid elongate, narrow, and sharply raised; parotoid not continuous with an oblique row of conspicuously enlarged warts; warts on flanks less elevated than those of dorsum; cranial crests not thickened behind eyes; lores vertical; tympanum distinct, its diameter slightly exceeding two-thirds of eye length (TD / ED 0.53–0.64 in males, 0.51–0.77 in females); tibia relatively short (TIL / SVL 0.40–0.44 in males, 0.39–0.43 in females); males with a subgular vocal sac; no tarsal ridge or tibial gland; first finger longer than second; tip of third toe not reaching median subarticular tubercle of fourth toe; subarticular tubercles not enlarged; tarsal spine bases small; nuptial pads present; venter with low warts; ground color of flanks and dorsum light brown; dark brown stripes along the midline of the back; cranial ridges well-developed, bright orange. Description of holotype (Fig. 8). Adult female in a good state of preservation, body stout (SVL 42.4 mm); head relatively large, wider than long (HL / HW 0.88); head with a pair of straight, cranial crests not thick, diverging and raised posteriorly (Fig. 8 D); snout projecting beyond lower jaw, gently rounded in lateral view (Fig. 8 C), truncated in dorsal view (Fig. 8 D); upper eyelid lacking supraciliary tubercles; protuberant nostrils at tip of snout with lateral orientation; canthus rostralis sharp, lores vertical (Fig. 8 C); tympanum distinct, approximately half diameter of eye (TD / ED 0.51); paratoid gland elongate, rounded, low in profile, separated from eyelid by supratympanic crest (Fig. 8 D); obliquely oriented row of enlarged, round to elongate dorsolateral warts extend posteriorly from paratoid gland approximately two-thirds way down flanks (Fig. 8 A). Forelimbs relatively long and slender (28.7 mm), fingers moderately long, tips blunt, not swollen; relative finger lengths: II <I <IV <III; fingers free of webbing (Fig. 8 E); finger subarticular tubercles distinct, conical; finger subarticular tubercle formula 1: 1: 2: 1; inner metacarpal tubercle slightly elongate; outer metacarpal tubercle triangular-shaped, dilated, bigger than inner metacarpal tubercle (IMC / OMC 0.63); two metacarpal tubercles not in touch with each other (Fig. 8 E). Hindlimbs robust and short; tibia relatively short (TIL / SVL 0.42); relative toe lengths: IV <II <I <III <IV; tips of toes like those of fingers; fourth toe nearly three times the length of third and fifth; third and fifth toes with nearly two phalanges free of web; fourth toe with four free phalanges; second toe nearly completely webbed; first toe completely webbed; webbing formula: i 1-1 ½ ii 1 ½ - 2 ½ iii 2 ½ - 3 iv 3 - 2 v; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, somewhat conical, much smaller than metatarsal tubercles, toe subarticular tubercle formula 1: 1: 2: 3: 1; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, shorter than length of first toe (IMT / T 1 0.37); outer metatarsal tubercle smaller, rounded (Fig. 8 F). Skin on flanks and dorsum covered with numerous conical warts, those of flanks lower in profile than those of dorsum; warts of dorsum capped by numerous spinules; enlarged series of nearly symmetrical paravertebral warts on dorsum beginning posterior to orbit and extending posteriorly beyond sacrum; venter covered with coarsely spinose granules. Coloration. In life (Fig. 9 A), the overall ground color of the flanks and dorsum is light brown; a prominent, symmetrical pattern of stripes running along the midline of the back extends from the tip of the snout to just above the cloaca, fading slightly posteriorly (Fig. 8 A); cranial ridges bright orange (Fig. 8 C); parotoids and posteriorly extending dorsolateral warts dark beige, ventrally countershaded with dark brown (Fig. 9 A), forming a border between the lighter brownish dorsum and dark brown flanks; dark brown crossbars on the limbs except for the brachia; the venter light brown to grayish, and ventral warts light beige (Fig. 8 B). The pupil is horizontal and black, while the iris is also black, featuring dense golden reticulations on the dorsal and ventral sides and copper reticulations medially; the pupil is edged with a thin golden line (Fig. 8 C). After preservation in ethanol for four years, all aspects of the color pattern remain; patterns of coloration of limbs and body are still visible but not as conspicuous as in life; bright orange colors on cranial crests and coloration of the iris completely faded. Variation. The individuals in the type series and the referred specimens are all very similar in external appearance. Individual differences in size and body proportions are presented in Table 1. Males are significantly smaller than females (p <0.05): mean male body length 33.0 ± 1.3 mm (SVL = 30.3–35.7 mm, n = 18); mean female body length 36.8 ± 2.2 mm (SVL = 34.0– 42.4 mm; n = 10). Fig. 10 displays the variation in dorsal coloration of the paratypes. There were no significant differences in the coloration of male paratypes and females, except that males had a darker throat coloration. A female specimen, ZMMU A-8031, had a bright reddish-brown background dorsal coloration, markedly different from the duller brownish coloration of all other specimens examined (Fig. 10). There is a certain variation in the degree of development of dark dorsal markings among the individuals: females ZMMU A-8032, A-8035, and A-8036 had contrasting black blotches in scapular and sacral areas, while males ZMMU A-8034 and ZMMU A-8041 and female ZMMU A-8037 had almost no dark markings on the dorsum (Fig. 10). In general, males showed duller dorsal patterns with faint borders and less contrasting dark markings. Tadpole morphology. A detailed description of the larval morphology of Ingerophrynus chrysolophus sp. nov. from Thailand was presented by Meewattana (2022: 30–31) (referred to as I. parvus in his work). Tadpoles of the new species have an oval-shaped head-body, 2 / 3 longer than wide; eyes with dorsal orientation; internarial distance comprising 2 / 3 of interorbital distance; spiracle sinistral; mouth-snout distance equal to snout-eye distance; vent median; tail broad with weak tail musculature; dorsal and ventral tail fins beginning at the tail base, both subequal in depth; and tail tip rounded (Meewattana 2022). Oral disc subterminal, with ventral orientation, small papillae in mouth corner, labial tooth row formula 2 (2) / 3; beaks black with serrated edges. Tadpoles reach 20.0–25.0 mm in length; the head-body is black in dorsal and lateral aspects and translucent in ventral aspect, with intestines being visible on the posterior half of the head-body length; tail muscles blackish, tail fins transparent (Meewattana 2022). Osteological description. The following description of adult skull morphology is based on the tomographic data obtained for the adult male (ZMMU A-8059, paratype) and the adult female (ZMMU A-8032, paratype) (Fig. 11). Cranium. Overall, the cranium of Ingerophrynus chrysolophus sp. nov. is generally well ossified; the highly tuberculous skin appears to be quite dense optically in this species and is visible in our reconstructions, concealing parts of the skull; the densest regions at the tip of the snout and on the upper eyelidswere cut off the scans; some elements on the cranial roof show traces of hyperossification, while the otic region seems underossified; the skull shape is almost triangular in dorsal (Fig. 11 A, D) and ventral views (Fig. 11 B, E) and close to trapezoid in lateral view (Fig. 11 C, F). Snout distinctly truncate in dorsal (Fig. 11 A, D) and ventral (Fig. 11 B, E) views, not protruding beyond the upper jaw. The hyobranchial apparatus is mostly cartilaginous and thus invisible in our reconstruction; the only visible element is the well-ossified paired posteromedial process of the hyoid. Premaxilla. The premaxilla is a paired bone, slightly arcuate dorsally, toothless (Fig. 11 B
Authors: Arkhipov, Dmitriy V., Pawangkhanant, Parinya, Sarker, Goutam, Gorin, Vladislav A., Bragin, Andrey M., Nguyen, Tan Van, Hamidy, Amir, Muin, Mohd Abdul, Kurniawan, Nia, Brown, Rafe M., Suwannapoom, Chatmongkon, Smith, Eric, Poyarkov, Nikolay A.
Language: English
Subfield: Global and Planetary Change
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7084398090
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