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Modelling Pain Perception Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Hojjatollah Farahani,1 Nataša Kovač,2 Helal Fardi,3 Peter Charles Watson4 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Donja Gorica, Podgorica, Montenegro; 3Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; 4MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKCorrespondence: Hojjatollah Farahani, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal AleAhmed, Tehran, Nasr, 14115-111, Iran, Email [email protected] Peter Charles Watson, Cambridge University, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom, Email [email protected]: Perception of pain is a multifactorial mechanism involving physiological, psychological and social factors; only by understanding the interplays of these factors can we hope to develop effective management strategies for pain. To that effect, we developed a computational model using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) to simulate and predict individual pain experiences, based on expert input across multiple disciplines. This framework has potential application in individualized pain management, drug development and pain research.Patients and Methods: The Method of the study is an FCM model based on expert-sourced data for pain perception. A total of 20 experts were recruited using a snowball sampling technique, divided into five specialist groups: neurologists, pain specialists, psychologists, sociologists, and geneticists, with four experts in each group. The experts contributed input in CSV file format specifying concept associations and linguistic terms. Therefore, three types of data collection were used: questionnaires for capturing inter-factor interactions, fuzzy matrices measuring strengths of influences and interviewing in order to validate relationships. The data was then analyzed by summing up expert-defined causal relationships based on fuzzy logic rules, allowing for the construction of the initial weight matrix that reflects both the strength and direction of influence between concepts.Results: The built FCM model integrates six significant concepts that influence pain perception: brain and neural basis of pain, psychological factors, social factors, individual differences, type of tissue damage and general pain perception. The model structure indicates strong reinforcing influences between psychological and neural factors, while social influences tend to inhibit perceived pain. Centrality analysis highlighted individual differences as a critical mediating node in the system. The model stabilized to an internally consistent fixed point under a variety of initial conditions, providing internal stability.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the FCM model provides a useful framework for representing interactions between pain and its influencing factors. The model was validated through expert consensus and scenario-based simulations. Future work will include empirical validation using standardized psychological instruments to compare FCM outcomes with real-world psychological profiles.Keywords: pain perception, fuzzy cognitive maps, pain management, elements of pain perception, medical decision support systems
Authors: Farahani H, Kovač N, Fardi H, Watson PC
Language: English
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7084771716
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