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Ionogram Scaling for Vertical, Oblique, And Backscatter Sounders: A review of challenges and opportunities

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The process of feature identification in ionogram images and subsequent derivation of ionospheric parameters, known as ionogram scaling, enables the characterization of the ionospheric propagation conditions of radio waves in the high-frequency (HF) band. Manual ionogram scaling is a time-intensive and laborious activity; hence, numerous techniques have been developed by many researchers to automate this task. This article presents a review of the various automatic scaling approaches applicable to vertical, oblique, and backscatter ionograms. In addition, we provide a set of recommendations to guide and stimulate further research in this field.

Source: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine

DOI: 10.1109/mgrs.2025.3602369

Authors: Rafal Sienicki, Danielle J. Edwards, Manuel A. Cervera, Philip H.W. Leong

Institutions: Defence Science and Technology Group, The University of Sydney

Language: English

Topic: Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics

Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics

Field: Physics and Astronomy

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $2,995

OpenAlex ID: W7085212835

FWCI: 1.364

Cites: 75

Cited by: 3

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