Year: 2012
Type: article
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Current understanding of the spatial epidemiology and geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax is far less developed than that for P. falciparum, representing a barrier to rational strategies for control and elimination. Here we present the first systematic effort to map the global endemicity of this hitherto neglected parasite. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS: We first updated to the year 2010 our earlier estimate of the geographical limits of P. vivax transmission. Within areas of stable transmission, an assembly of 9,970 geopositioned P. vivax parasite rate (PvPR) surveys collected from 1985 to 2010 were used with a spatiotemporal Bayesian model-based geostatistical approach to estimate endemicity age-standardised to the 1-99 year age range (PvPR(1-99)) within every 5×5 km resolution grid square. The model incorporated data on Duffy negative phenotype frequency to suppress endemicity predictions, particularly in Africa. Endemicity was predicted within a relatively narrow range throughout the endemic world, with the point estimate rarely exceeding 7% PvPR(1-99). The Americas contributed 22% of the global area at risk of P. vivax transmission, but high endemic areas were generally sparsely populated and the region contributed only 6% of the 2.5 billion people at risk (PAR) globally. In Africa, Duffy negativity meant stable transmission was constrained to Madagascar and parts of the Horn, contributing 3.5% of global PAR. Central Asia was home to 82% of global PAR with important high endemic areas coinciding with dense populations particularly in India and Myanmar. South East Asia contained areas of the highest endemicity in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and contributed 9% of global PAR. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: This detailed depiction of spatially varying endemicity is intended to contribute to a much-needed paradigm shift towards geographically stratified and evidence-based planning for P. vivax control and elimination.
Source: PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Authors: Peter W. Gething, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Catherine L. Moyes, David L. Smith, Katherine E. Battle, Carlos A. Guerra, Anand P. Patil, Andrew J. Tatem, Rosalind E. Howes, Monica F. Myers, Dylan B. George, Peter Horby, Heiman F. L. Wertheim, Ric N. Price, Ivo Müeller, J. Kevin Baird, Simon I. Hay
Institutions: University of Oxford, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, National Institutes of Health, Johns Hopkins University, Fogarty International Center, University of Florida, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Northern Territory Health Services, Royal Darwin Hospital, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research
Language: English
Topic: Malaria Research and Control
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,670
Awards: Viet Nam Major Overseas Programme Core Grant Renewal 2010-2015., Defining the population at risk and burden of disease of Plasmodium vivax malaria., G3188278792, G49699897, ROAD-MAP: a repository for open access data collected by the Malaria Atlas Project., Viet Nam Major Overseas Programme Core Grant Renewal 2010-2015., Creating a geo-referenced resource of inherited haemoglobin disorder gene frequencies., Optimising antimalarial combination therapies in an area coendemic for vivax and falciparum malaria, G8027715
OpenAlex ID: W2137862593