Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Clozapine is the only FDA-approved medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and remains the most effective agent for difficult-to-treat psychotic disorders. Clozapine’s superiority in addressing refractory symptoms as well as reducing suicidal behavior and aggression, makes it a mission-critical medication for optimal schizophrenia care. However, clozapine is underutilized, with many eligible patients not receiving it due to concerns regarding side effects, burdens associated with blood monitoring, and system-based inefficiencies and organizational inertia towards change. In this conceptual review, we argue for early and routine use of clozapine in TRS within a stage-based treatment framework, examine clozapine’s broad-spectrum advantages, and outline strategies for safe use of clozapine including careful metabolic monitoring and the use of adjunctive agents to manage antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Lastly, we explore urgently-needed efforts to overcome barriers to clozapine utilization, from updated treatment guidelines to the development of clozapine clinics with robust support networks, aiming to integrate clozapine into standard care as early as clinically indicated.
Authors: Carol Lim, Oliver Freudenreich
Institutions: Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital
Language: English
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7101625214