Obesity and diabetes
Year: 2024
Type: book-chapter
Abstract: Epidemiological data from various countries in recent decades have indicated a rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Besides the extent of obesity, numerous studies have recognized the significance of adipose tissue distribution, specifically abdominal obesity, as an indicator of the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity and T2D share insulin resistance as an underlying pathophysiological mechanism. The association of reduced insulin sensitivity with an increase in body mass index (BMI) has been confirmed to contribute to the pathogenesis of T2D. Abdominal obesity demonstrates an even stronger impact than the rise in BMI in fostering insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. In insulin resistance, elevated blood levels of free fatty acids diminish the synthesis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, giving rise to lipotoxicity, which hastens apoptosis and the progressive loss of β-cells. In obesity, the hypertrophy of adipose tissue leads to oxidative stress due to increased activity of enzymes producing oxidizing radicals and a simultaneous reduction in antioxidant protection. Oxidative stress directly or indirectly contributes to the occurrence of insulin resistance by inhibiting signaling processes at the insulin receptor level, while also playing a role in the dysregulation and secretion of adipokines at the adipose tissue level. Adipokines interact between adipose tissue and pancreatic β-cells, forming an adipo- insular axis that may contribute to β-cell dysfunction and the development of overt T2D. Conversely, the antidiabetogenic adipokine adiponectin is suggested as a potential marker to identify obese individuals with dysfunctional fat tissue, offering the greatest potential for preventing T2D.
Author: Лалић, Небојша М.
Language: Serbian
Subfield: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7103547862