Acupuncture and the risk of blood-borne infections
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Acupuncture is a well-known alternative medicine method used worldwide. The technique, which dates back to traditional Chinese medicine, involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the skin to achieve improved health outcomes. Although acupuncture has been studied well compared to other traditional or non-conventional medical practices, the evidence supporting its effectiveness is mixed. A meta-analysis revealed that there is some evidence suggesting acupuncture’s effectiveness for chronic pain and osteoarthritis.[1] However, the role of acupuncture in the management of depression, anxiety and gastrointestinal disorders is not strongly conclusive. This fact is because many studies examining these relationships have methodological limitations.[2,3] While acupuncture procedures are generally considered quite safe now, there is evidence that it can pose infection risks if not performed with appropriate techniques or adequate hygiene standards. Inadequate sterilisation or disinfection practices can result in the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. Furthermore, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium and other pyogenic bacterial infections have also been reported in studies.[4,5] A systematic review and meta-analysis found that acupuncture users had an increased risk of hepatitis C transmission compared to the controls with emphasis given on safer acupuncture practices to reduce this risk.[5] Another systematic review revealed that acupuncture was associated with a higher likelihood of developing hepatitis A, B and C infections with higher infection rates found in non-Western countries where there are opportunities around widespread use of disposable needles.[6] Despite the risks, acupuncture is still widely used for health benefits globally. Potential risks of acupuncture use may require extensive exploration and report, especially in geographic areas where optimal hygienic practices are not fully implemented. Moreover, in addition to addressing acupuncture-related infectious risks and outcomes, non-infectious safety issues should also be communicated. Organs or local tissue injuries, allergic reactions, dizziness or syncope, nausea and vomiting have also been reported as adverse outcomes following acupuncture treatments that require further exploration.[7] Authorities should enforce regulations that ensure adherence to safe and hygienic acupuncture practices. Improving education on the proper use of disposable equipment, appropriate disinfection and sterilisation techniques, hand hygiene practices and personal protective equipment is crucial. More studies and mixed-method approaches can be utilised to understand and explore risks and outcomes associated with acupuncture practices.[8] Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.
Author: Hammad Akram
Language: English
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7105744883