Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Brain Health and Disease: Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Targets
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: The brain and immune system talk constantly, swapping chemical whispers and electrical nudges that decide whether to stay sharp, forget, or fall apart. Here, we piece together the conversation: antigens seep from cerebrospinal fluid into dural sinuses where quiet T cells peek without triggering chaos; microglia slip lysosomal enzymes into neurons to keep lipid clocks ticking, but if the exchange stalls GM2 ganglioside piles up and lights the fuse of neurodegeneration; astrocytes ship cholesterol to remyelinating oligodendrocytes, yet in male mice the same cargo becomes a roadblock unless luteolin opens the efflux hatch. Danger signals ATP, HMGB1, misfolded proteins flip purinergic and TLR switches that weld NLRP3 inflammasomes, releasing IL-1β waves that travel from cortex to coronary arteries, linking stroke risk to mood dips. When the chatter derails, autism brains show IL-17 graffiti, lupus neutrophils spew NETs that shred the blood–brain barrier, Parkinson’s mitochondria leak ROS that become microglia, and depressed hippocampi drowned in kynurenine. Vagus-nerve stimulation, SIRT1 boosters, NET-cutting DNase I, CGRP silencers, and programmable bioelectronic implants can reduce or increase the volume, but human trials remain small, short, and noisy.
Author: Dipanjan Maity1*, Dr. E. Kavya Sri2, N. Sai Bhavana3, Velupally Sai Preetham4
Language: English
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7105801548
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