Why E =mc2 is Not Fundamental
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This work shows that the relation E=mc2E = mc^2E=mc2 is not a fundamental physical law but an emergent limit of a closed variational framework: the Universal Ψ Equation.In conventional derivations, the mass–energy relation depends on assumptions about the stress–energy tensor, Lorentz symmetry, and inertial-frame structure, none of which appear as primitive objects in the Ψ formalism. Instead, mass, energy, propagation speed, and dispersion relations arise from the quadratic expansion of a single parameter-free spinorial functional around its coherent solution Ψ0\Psi_0Ψ0. The analysis demonstrates mathematically that E=mc2E = mc^2E=mc2 corresponds to the rest-frame excitation energy of the linearized sector of δ2F[Ψ]\delta^2 \mathcal{F}[\Psi]δ2F[Ψ], while nonlinear or high-coherence regimes modify the dispersion relation beyond the classical form. Therefore, the standard mass–energy equivalence is a derived low-coherence limit of a more general and internally complete variational theory. The Universal Ψ Equation replaces the postulated status of E=mc2E=mc^2E=mc2 with a constructive mechanism in which the equivalence emerges automatically from the structure of the functional.
Author: Edoardo Livolsi
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7106701977
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