Work

Sustainable conversion of wet biomass, algae, and food waste to fuels in hot compressed water: Multi-Scale analysis

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Wet biomass conversion in hot compressed water (HCW) processes operating at temperatures above 250 °C and pressures above 4 MPa offer a promising pathway towards sustainable production of biofuels. This paper provides a multiscale view of HCW, spanning from molecular-level mechanisms to commercialisation and scale-up challenges of related technologies, emphasising the need for scientific and technological innovations, policy support, and market incentives. Key aspects such as sustainability, environmental impact and economic feasibility are critically discussed. Key deployment challenges include catalyst selection, deactivation, reactor design, and process optimisation. Integration with renewable energy systems, such as solar and geothermal, and carbon capture and utilisation technologies is proposed to tackle the high energy requirements and environmental impact of HCW processes. Current developments in data-driven modelling and mechanistic simulations as useful tools that facilitate process analysis and optimisation are also reviewed. Compact, integrated and intensified HCW processes with energy recovery are central to advancing the bioeconomy. This study aims to advance the current state of HCW technologies and outlines a roadmap for future research and technological development integrated with renewable energy systems in more sustainable ways. In summary, this paper is expected to serve as a reference for researchers and industry professionals, providing a guide for addressing real-world deployment issues in HCW integrated technologies and fostering further progress in a field that often focuses more on fundamental chemistry.

Source: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101264