Work

Challenges for Distance Relays in Grid Code-Compliant Inverter-Based Power Systems: A Review

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The distinct fault characteristics of inverter-based systems, compared to those of synchronous generator (SG)-based power systems, can cause malfunctions in distance relays, including distance, directional, and phase selection elements. Recent updates to grid codes and standards aim to standardize the behavior of inverter-based resources (IBRs), ensuring their fault characteristics more closely resemble those of SG-based systems. These updates enable IBR-based systems to fulfill certain preconditions required for the reliable operation of distance relays, e.g., presenting a highly inductive IBR output impedance for negative-sequence quantities. However, due to fundamental limitations in IBR control and hardware, not all the preconditions for distance relays are met, even in systems compliant with updated grid codes. This paper reviews the preconditions necessary for reliable distance relay operation, identifying those that are fulfilled by grid code-compliant IBRs and those that remain unmet. It is found that, due to the unmet preconditions, the IBRs not only exacerbate pre-existing challenges in distance relay inherited from SG-based systems but also introduce IBR-specific issues. Finally, potential solutions to address the challenges caused by the unmet preconditions are shared.

Source: IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics

DOI: 10.1109/ojpel.2025.3640291

Authors: Yifei Li, Heng Wu, Xiongfei Wang

Institutions: Aalborg University, Southeast University, Tsinghua University

Language: English

Topic: Power Systems Fault Detection

Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,075