Identifying research gaps for cross-border cybersecurity conflict resolution tools: A systematic literature review on cyber diplomacy
Year: 2025
Type: review
Study design: Systematic Review
Abstract: Cyber diplomacy has increasingly emerged as a critical dimension of international relations, particularly as cross-border cyber incidents continue to escalate in scale and impact. Despite numerous initiatives aimed at strengthening cybersecurity cooperation, the availability of concrete mechanisms for conflict resolution in cyberspace remains limited. This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) to assess the current state of research on cyber diplomacy, focusing on tools, methods, processes, and models relevant to conflict resolution. Using the Scopus database, 127 documents were initially identified and screened based on language, type, and relevance. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 34 articles published up to 2024 were analyzed through systematic mapping techniques. The review finds that while research on preventive measures—such as cooperation frameworks, governance mechanisms, and capacity building—has expanded significantly, the field of conflict resolution in cyber diplomacy remains underdeveloped. Specifically, studies rarely address practical frameworks for attribution, accountability, or structured mediation mechanisms that could serve as the foundation for resolving cross-border disputes. The findings also highlight underexplored areas such as confidence-building measures (CBM), public–private partnerships (PPP), and digital rights, which are crucial for fostering trust and stability in international cyberspace. By consolidating insights from recent studies, this research underscores the need for innovative tools and evidence-based models that not only support conflict prevention but also enable effective resolution when disputes arise. The contribution of this paper lies in mapping research trends, identifying key gaps, and suggesting future directions for both scholars and policymakers. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing diplomatic strategies that strengthen trust, transparency, and long-term cooperation in cyberspace.
Source: Multidisciplinary Reviews
Authors: Andi Yusuf, Gilang Nur Alam, Satriya Wibawa, Muhamad Al Fikri
Institutions: Padjadjaran University, Ministry of Finance
Language: English
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7110191008